File permissions on Windows - chmod 400 in Powershell

Problem Statement

chmod 400 is recommended for the secret key files most of the times. But how does one reliably know that this happens on a file inside Windows environment

Theory / Basis

Windows uses something called Access Control Lists to specify the permissions on a given entity (File/Folder) REF: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/access-control-lists

Sequence of Commands to run

Inspect the original ACL information on the key file Note the FullControl and the Access for other parties apart from the Current user XXX

PS > $pemfile="C:\Users\XXX\.ssh\naren-uswest1-aws.pem"
PS > Get-Acl $pemfile | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Users\XXX\.ssh\naren-uswest1-aws.pem
Owner  : XXXPC\XXX
Group  : XXXPC\XXX
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         XXX\XXX Allow  FullControl
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:S-1-5-21-2530534273-3221850710-2763415746-1001G:S-1-5-21-2530534273-3221850710-2763415746-1001D:PAI(A;;FA;;;
         S-1-5-21-2530534273-3221850710-2763415746-1001)

Get the ACL handle to the file

PS > $acl = Get-Acl $pemfile

Get the current username

PS > $username = [System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent().Name

Create a new AccessRule object with intended permission to be applied to ACL and apply to the ACL then the ACL to the file

PS > $accessRule = New-Object System.Security.AccessControl.FileSystemAccessRule($username,"Read","Allow")
PS > $acl.SetAccessRule($accessRule)
PS > $acl | Set-Acl $pemfile

Disabling the inheritance (Equivalent to File -> Right click -> Properties -> Security -> Advanced -> Disable Inheritance)

PS > $acl.SetAccessRuleProtection($true,$false)
PS > $acl | Set-Acl $pemfile

Inspect the file after applying the ACL and disabling the inheritance

Observe the Access attribute doesn't have FullControl anymore and just has the required permissions for the current user

PS > Get-Acl $pemfile | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\Users\XXX\.ssh\naren-uswest1-aws.pem
Owner  : XXXPC\XXX
Group  : XXXPC\XXX
Access : XXXPC\XXX Allow  Read, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:S-1-5-21-2530534273-3221850710-2763415746-1001G:S-1-5-21-2530534273-3221850710-2763415746-1001D:PAI(A;;FR;;;S-1-5-21-2530534
         273-3221850710-2763415746-1001)